CONDITIONAL SENTENCES ( IF-CLAUSE )

Conditional Sentences adalah Kalimat Pengandaian yang menjelaskan bahwa sebuah kegiatan bertentangan dengan kegiatan yang lain. Conditional yang paling umum adalah Real Conditonal dan Unreal Conditonal, Conditional Sentenses disebut juga if-clauses.

1.Real Conditional (Conditional Tipe I) : menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang sesuai dengan fakta.
2.Unreal Conditional (Conditional Tipe II) : menggambarkan tentang pengandaian yang tidak nyata atau berimajinasi.
3. Conditional Tipe III: digunakan pada penyesalan yang terjadi di masa lampau.
4. Zero Conditional : digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang sudah pasti benar.

*Jika klausa "if" diletakkan di awal kalimat, kita harus menggunakan koma. Sebaliknya jika klausa "if" berada di belakang, maka tidak perlu ada koma

Zero Conditional. Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kebenaran umum. Tense yang digunakan Simple Present Tense

Rumus: (Klausa IF)+(Induk Kalimat) Atau (Induk Kalimat)+(Klausa IF)

Contoh: If you don't do your test, I will be angry. = I will be angry, if you don't do your test.

*Pada tipe ini, ‘if’ sering digantikan dengan "when"

Conditional I.Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan pengandaian yang dibuat berdasarkan fakta di masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang dan pengandaian ini bisa saja terjadi. Klausa ‘if’ biasanya dalam bentuk Simple Present Tense.

Rumus: (Klausa IF)+(Induk Kalimat) Atau (Induk Kalimat)+(Klausa IF)

Kita sering menggunakan unless yang artinya 'jika... tidak’
Kita tidak pernah menggunakan will, atau won't dalam Klausa IF.

If I have time today, I will hug my friend. = I will hug my friend, if I have time today.

Conditional II.Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang tidak nyata di masa sekarang atau masa yang akan datang. Tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah harapan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam klausa IF adalah Simple Past Tense.

Rumus: (Klausa IF)+(Induk Kalimat) Atau (Induk Kalimat)+(Klausa IF)

*Jangan gunakan would atau wouldn't dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh: If I had more time, I would do more to my parents. = I would do more to my parents, if I had more time.

Conditional III.Digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah kondisi di masa yang lampau yang tidak mungkin akan terjadi lagi. Sering digunakan untuk mengkritik atau penyesalan. Tenses yang digunakan dalam Klausa IF adalah Past Perfect Tense.

Rumus: (Klausa IF)+(Induk Kalimat) Atau (Induk Kalimat)+(Klausa IF)

*Jangan gunakan would have atau wouldn't have dalam Klausa IF.

Contoh: If it had been rain, we could have stayed. = We could have stayed, if it had been rain.

PASSIVE VOICE

PASSIVE VOICE
Adalah kalimat aktif yang subjek kalimatnya adalah pelaku sebuah tindakan, sedangkan kalimat pasif adalah kalimat yang subjeknya bukan pelaku suatu tindakan. Si subjek adalah si penerima akibat dari sebuah tindakan.

Contoh:

1. Aktif : Rani menyiram tanaman ini kemarin
Pasif : Tanaman ini diketik oleh Rani kemarin
2. Aktif : Adikku memukul seekor kucing
Pasif : Seekor kucing dipukul oleh adikku

Catatan:
Gunakan bentuk pasif jika pelaku tindakan tidak begitu penting.
Contoh: Buku ini dibuat tahun 1898

Kalau kita perlu menyebut siapa pelaku suatu tindakan, gunakan kata oleh (by)
Contoh: Buku ini telah dibuat oleh Presiden SBY pada tahun 1898

Rumus umum untuk membentuk suatu kalimat Pasif

Aktif : S + Verb 1 + Objek + dll
Pasif : Objek + to be + Verb 3 + ( by)+(subjek)+ dll

To be yang digunakan

1. Present : is, am, are
2. Past : was, were
3. Perfect : been (di depan have, has, atau had)
4. Future : be (setelah modals)
5. Continuous : being (di depan salah satu dari 7 to be di atas)

Hal-hal yang perlu diketahui dan diingat

1. Untuk menyatakan suatu kalimat dalam bentuk pasif, tenses tidak berubah. Tenses harus sama dengan kalau kita menyatakannya dalam bentuk aktif. Yang berubah hanya kata kerja-nya.

2. Kata kerja yang tidak memiliki objek (Kata Kerja Intransitif) tidak dapat diubah menjadi kalimat pasif, seperti, menangis, mendidih, terbit, dll.

Contoh-contoh kalimat aktif dan pasif

1. Bella writes a song (active)
2. A song was wrote by Bella (passive)




Bentuk-bentuk Kalimat Passive

1) Passive Imperative Sentence

Let + objek + be + V3

Eat the fried rice (active)
Let the fried rice be eaten (passive)

2) Passive Infinitive: It is/was time

It is/was time for + objek + to be + V 3

It is time to send the message (active)
It is time for the message to be sent (passive)

3) Negative Passive Imperative Sentence

Subjek + be + V 3 + not to + infinitive

(kata kerja / V3 yang sering digunakan adalah: advised, asked, begged, commanded, requested)

Don’t look at me (active)
You are advised not to look at me (passive)

4) Passive Sentence with Verbs of Perception

Subjek + be + adjectives + when + subjek + be + V3

(kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: taste, smell, feel)

This class feels hot (active)
This class is hot when it is felt (passive)

5) Passive Sentence with Certain Verbs followed by ‘that-clause’

Verb yang digunakan: point out, presume, prove, regret, report, say, think, understand accept, admit, agree, assume, believe,decide, expect, find out, intend, plan.

We said that the doctor had to get out from hospital (active)
It was said that the doctor had to get out from hospital (passive)

6) Passive Sentence with Nouns or Adjectives as Complements

Flora consider her very fat (active)
Flora is considered very fat (passive)



7) Passive Sentence with two objects

Rudi gave me a cat (active)
A cat was given to me by Rudi (passive 1)
I was given a cat by Rudi (passive 2)

8) Passive Sentence with Gerund Verbs

Pupon enjoyed teaching the cat (active)
The cat enjoyed being taught by Pupon (passive)

9) Agent consisting long expression at the end of sentence

Dalam kalimat pasif, jika pelaku terdiri dari ekspresi yang panjang maka sebaiknya subjek tersebut ditempatkan di akhir kalimat setelah by.

We were all surprised by her successed

10) Passive Sentence with unique verbs

Kata kerja yang digunakan adalah: require, deserve, need

This shirt needs to be washed = This shirt needs washing

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjektiva. Adjective clause juga berfungsi untuk memberi keterangan pada nomina. Adjective Clause digunakan untuk memberi keterangan, identitas, dan informasi lain kepada kata benda (Antecedent).

1. Adjective clause dengan relative pronoun
Contoh: The boy who is eating over there is my brother.
This is the scholl that I studied some years ago.
2.Adjective clause dengan relative adverb
Contoh: This is the reason why I loved it.
Jakarta is the place where I was born.

*Adjective clause tersebut menerangkan nomina yang ada di depannya (antecedent).

Adjective clause who is sitting over there menerangkan nomina the boy.
Adjective clause why she did it menerangkan nomina the reason.

Dalam struktur Adjective Clause ditandai dengan Relative Pronoun, yaitu:
1.Who, digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi subjek (human as subject).
2.Whom, digunakan untuk orang dalam posisi objek (human as object).
3.Which, digunakan untuk benda, baik dalam posisi subjek atau objek (non-human as subject/object).
4.That, digunakan sebagai subtitusi who, whom, atau which.
5.Whose, digunakan untuk kepemilikan.
6.When, digunakan untuk waktu.
7.Why, digunakan untuk sebab.
Contoh : My boyfriend is the man who Is singing near the park.
The school where I study is being painted.

Adjective clause dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu:

1. Important (defining) adjective clause : adjective clause yang merupakan informasi penting bagi antecedent.
Contoh : Rida’s brother that (who) works in Bali is a doctor.
Meaning : Rida has more than one brother.
2. Unimportant (undefining) adjective : adjective clause yang merupakan informasi yang tidak penting bagi antecedent .
Contoh : Ben's brother, who works in Jakarta is a police.
Meaning : Ben has only one brother.

*Dalam important adjective clause, relative pronoun, seperti: who, whom, which dapat digantikan dengan that; sedangkan dalam unimportant adjective clause tidak.

teen society

"Teenage is the time of passage between childhood and adulthood. In traditional societies, this passage is accompanied by rites which suit the psychological demands of the tradition. But in modern society the "high school" fails entirely to provide this passage."
"The most striking traditional example we know comes from an east African tribe. In order to become a man, a boy of this tribe embarks on a two year journey, which includes a series of more and more difficult tasks, and culminates in the hardest of all - to kill a lion. During his journey, families and villages all over the territory which he roams take him in, and care for him: they recognize their obligation to do so as part of his ritual. Finally, when the boy has passed through all these tasks, and killed his lion, he is accepted as a man.
"In modern society, the transition cannot be so direct or simple. For reasons too complex to discuss here, the process of transition, and the time it takes have been extended and elaborated greatly. Teenage lasts, typically, from 12 to 18; six years instead of one or two. The simple sexual transformation, the change from childhood to maturity, has given way to a much vaster, slower change, in which the self of a person emerges during a long struggle in which the person decides "what he or she is going to "be". Almost no one does what his father did before him; instead, in a world of infinite possibilities, it has to be worked out from nothing. This long process, new to the world since the industrial revolution is the process we call adolescence.
...
"The institution of high school has particularly borne the brunt of the adolescent problem. Just at the time when teenagers need to band together freely in groups of their own making and explore, step back from, and explore again, the adult world: its work, love, science, laws, habits, travel, play, communicatons, and governance, they get treated as if they were large children. They have no more responsibility or authority in a high school than the children in a kindergarten do. They are responsible for putting away their things, and for playing in the high school band, perhaps even for electing class leaders. But these things all happen in a kindergarten too. There is no new form of society, which is a microcosm of adult society, where they can test their growing adulthood in any serious way. And under these circumstances, the adult forces which are forming in them, lash out, and wreak terrible vengeance. Blind adults can easily, then, call this vengeance "delinquency".
...
"Replace the "high school" with an institution which is actually a model of adult society, in which the students take on most of the responsibility for learning and social life, with clearly defined roles and forms of discipline. Provide adult guidance, both for the learning, and the social structure of the society; but keep them as far as feasible, in the hands of the students".

freedom

For most parents, their children's teenage years are a confusing mixture of childish behavior and startling maturity.
For teenagers, freedom is The Issue. They crave it, and they need it. But parents must decide when and how to give it.
Freedom helps teens feel more powerful and self-confident. But too much freedom can easily backfire, leaving a teen floundering. Although teens might be reluctant to admit it, they still need the stability that parental authority can offer.
Q: What should teens be doing during their free time?
A: "A variety of things," is probably the closest anyone can come to an answer. It's an almost sure sign of trouble when a teenager seems obsessed with doing only one thing, whether it is listening to rock music or doing homework. Well-adjusted teens enjoy a variety of interests and activities, some adult-directed (clubs, scouts), some involving only peers (movies, parties, ball games), and others that are solitary (hobbies, reading).

Talk to your teen
about the decisions
you make.

Q: Should I allow my teenager to do "unproductive" things, such as driving around in a car?
A: "Unproductive" doesn't necessarily mean harmful, but these behaviors should constitute just a minor part of the teen's total activity picture. If you find that aimlessness is the rule for your child, that probably spells boredom, and boredom during the teen years can lead quickly to all kinds of trouble, including drugs. When you see boredom developing in your teenager, guide the youngster into some productive extracurricular activities.
Q: How can I set reasonable curfews?
A: Despite the sometimes relentless pressure you'll feel from your child, it's important to start conservatively and work up from there. For instance, a 14-year-old who consistently abides by a 10:30 p.m. curfew should be rewarded at age 15 with at least a 30-minute extension. About every six months thereafter, sit down with your teen and review the record. If it's good, tack on another 30 minutes. What do you say to the teen who continually misses curfew? Except in extreme cases, a combination of discipline today and reward tomorrow works well: "Over the past six months, we've talked to you numerous times about coming in late. We had planned to extend your curfew until 11:00 by this time, but because you haven't cooperated with 10:30, we're going to keep it there for another two months. If you can stick to the curfew, then we'll talk about extending it." On special occasions, like the prom, curfew can be more flexible. And you should always know where your teens are going and with whom.
Q: When is it OK to let my teen start to date?
A: There's no reason why boys and girls in their early teens can't go out together in groups to movies or other attractions. At first, however, you may want to set limits, such as dating only during daytime and early evening hours.

the Honesty

What exactly should you tell your teenager about your past and when should they find out? How honest does a parent have to be?
How can you respond to questions like-- When did you first have sex? Dad, did you smoke pot? What kinds of things did you do when you were a teen?
Some parents may answer honestly, others may not. And like the response of a staff counselor at the Yale Child Study Center, “There isn’t any one-size-fits-all response to your question.”
It can be difficult to discern how honest you should be as a parent with your teenagers. Should you admit to your not so clean experiences in the past? Fearing that you may lose grip on your teenager because of admitting to your own mistakes as an adolescent is normal.
Sarah Brown, CEO of the National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy, uses the words "Millions of little interchanges" to describe the normal talks that parents should have with their teens about touchy topics like sex, drinking, or drugs. "Consistently, the teens have always said … that parents have the greatest influence on their sexual decisions," said Brown. But at times, parents may not be pleased about their own influence. "Specific conversations about risky behavior are important with kids," seconded Jennifer Manlove, making it less likely they will "have sex at an early age, or (become) involved in some sort of substance abuse, or (bad) academic outcomes or delinquencies or problem behaviors." Jennifer Manlove is a senior research associate at Child Trends, a reliable source of data on children and adolescents.
Brenda Rhodes Miller, executive director of the D.C. Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, said “I never felt I had to reveal much. As teenagers, my kids would ask me, what did you do … I never wanted to lie to them about things, but I didn't think my sexual history - what I might or might not have done as a teenager - was useful to them in developing their own decision-making skills."
Brown shares another point of view, explaining how teenagers find it powerful when parents admit to their own mistakes in the past and reflect upon them. "An honest answer - particularly if it's, here's what I did, I had sex for the first time at 16, and … on reflection I would not have done it, and I think you should not do it and here's why - that's a very honest answer that adolescents find deeply credible and meaningful."
No matter what, Manlove stresses that "If you don't want your kid to have unprotected sex, or you don't want them having sex when very young, or doing drugs, it's very important to show very strong disapproval of that.

free sex of teenagers

As they do at countless collegiate parties everywhere, the couples wriggled to the watusi and gyrated to the jerk, while recorded drums and saxophones resounded in the dimly lit apartment of a University of California student in Berkeley. Unlike parties most anywhere, however, the boys and girls were naked. After a while some of the couples drifted into bedrooms. Some embraced in darkened corners.
First it was free speech, then filthy speech. Now it is free love, as students, former students and nonstudents continue to test the limits of the permissible at Berkeley. There have been at least six such orgies, attended by between 20 and 45 youths each, in the San Francisco Bay area in the past month. All have been held in private residences. Most have included students from Cal and from San Francisco State.
The promoters of nude parties contend that their motivation is intellectual and philosophical, not merely sensual. Nonstudent Richard Thome, 29, a Negro who heads an off-campus East Bay Sexual Freedom League, argues that "man will only become free when he can overcome his own guilt and when society stops trying to manage his sex life for him." His idea of freedom is parties in which individuals can engage in any sexual act "that doesn't impose on the desire of other people."
Not Everything Goes. On campus, the approach is somewhat different. At Berkeley, 30 "card-carrying members" of the University of California Sexual Freedom Forum man one of the many campus propaganda tables, where they sell buttons reading TAKE IT OFF and I'M WILLING IF YOU ARE. They distribute pamphlets on birth control, abortion and venereal disease, have lectured on these subjects with university approval. University officials turned down as "educationally irrelevant" the group's request to show a nudist movie. "I reject the notion that anything goes on this campus," said Berkeley Chancellor Roger Heyns. "I seriously doubt that this is a violation of anyone's freedom."
The president of the campus group, Sociology Freshman Kurt Rust, argues that the only test of sexual conduct should be: "Do I want to do it? Does it hurt anyone else?" The group's secretary, Psychology Student Holly Tannen, a bright 18-year-old who enrolled at Cal at 16, contends that suppressing sexual expression leads to "pornography and topless night clubs." She concedes she was embarrassed at her first nude party. "I was ashamed of my body," she said. "But I got over that."
Naked Wade-In. The free-sex movement has been growing slowly in various parts of the country since March 1964, when Dr. Leo Koch, a biology teacher who in 1960 was fired by the University of Illinois for advocating premarital sex, and Jefferson Poland, a restless student who says he is studying to be "either a lawyer or an agitator," founded the New York City League for Sexual Freedom. Poland, who now attends Merritt Junior College in Oakland, took the offensive for nudism by wading naked into the ocean at San Francisco's Aquatic Park last August with two beefy members of the off-campus San Francisco Sexual Freedom League, Ina Saslow and Shirley Einsiedel. All were arrested. The girls got suspended sentences, and Poland was sent to jail for five weekends.

Read more: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,899098,00.html#ixzz1HJSEydcj

Friendship of teenagers

Almost a year ago now, we relocated our family about 90 miles from our 15 year home for a job change. It was a challenging experience at best, but really traumatic for our two teenagers at the time, ages 16 and 13. While we worked hard to create a gradual transition, their reaction and adjustment to the move ended up being all about friends.
We are starting to feel a little better about the move now as our daughter, now a high school senior, is starting to feel like her new high school is HER school and her new friends HER friends. And our now 14 year old son has a larger and better circle of friends than he had in our former community.
So, what is it about friends that is so critical to most teenagers? Why do children move from the safety and security of home and family in their younger years into a world that so centers around their friends and peer groups? And what should dads know about and do about this new change in their children's lives?
Changing Patterns. As our youth mature, their friendship patterns change. Think about it. Our preadolescent children tend to have friendship activities that focus on their neighborhood, activities, school classes and sports teammates. It is usually not a matter of much choice when being with friends. They tend to pal around with the people who are proximate. But teenagers, as they mature into adults, tend to be more selective of their friends. Friendships for teens are based more on status, common interests, values and personalities. This is an important change for parents to acknowledge. Parents are less likely to know through normal associations with whom their teens are friends. Much of what you may know about their friends is second hand information through your teen or their siblings.
Teens' Friends Become Part of their Baseline. During their childhood years, your children tend to look to mom, dad and siblings for their emotional needs. As the teenager years unfold, and the teen becomes more independent from parents, the close emotional relationships tend to move more toward their peers. Our teens will largely find their needs for understanding, support and guidance coming more from friends than from family. It is a natural part of growing up, but can be a little disconcerting for a father or mother.
Friends Define Social Status. I always have remembered the line from Ferris Buehler's Day Off where the school secretary says that the "jocks, motorheads, stoners, sluts, bloods, dweebs, and brains all think that Ferris is a righteous dude." Every high school and junior high school has its groups or cliques. Our teens usually will find themselves in one of these groups, largely based on the friends they choose. Our daughter noticed this right away in her first high school because there was a "cowboy hall" where the kids with jeans, boots and big buckles all hung out. So they will tend to affiliate with the groups where they have friends and feel comfortable.
Teen Friendships Move From Same Gender to Other Gender. For most children, their early friendships are mostly same gender. Best friends are almost always two boys or two girls. But as teens mature and the hormones take over, friendships begin to shift into mixed groups of boys and girls, and later to some level of pairing off. Early teen friendship groups help teens explore their new feelings and get to a comfort level with the opposite sex. This again is a very natural part of the maturing process and if handled properly should not be feared by dads.
Teens' Social Needs Differ. Any parent who has had more than one teenager recognizes that their social development comes in different stages and cycles. One of our daughters was kind of a homebody growing up; the other we could scarcely keep home long enough to wash her clothes. Both styles were good, and met their different social needs. Moms and dads will often have a tendency to try to push children into a stage for which they many not be prepared. But unless your teen has a pathological fear of friendships, you should let them move at their own speed into closer friendships and relationships.

Teenagers life

I'm 18 and live the usual normal average teenage life full of laughter and happiness but also full of regret and anger.  I close myself off from the world, thinking that I'm safer in my own world where no one can get close enough to hurt me, but I have found that's the wrong way to live life, you have to face the world head on and even though you might get your heart broken you can still have hope…
Life is hard! Growing up is difficult. When does it become easier? Each day feels like a routine, you get up, go to school, go home, do homework, watch television and go to bed. Then the cycle repeats itself over and over again. Each day is filled with excitement and laughter, but each day is filled with its problems. Some are tiny but others hit you like a brick wall. That's where friends come in, the problem might not get easier but friends are there to pick you up when things get tough.  My friend once told me, "Never focus your life on your problems but focus harder on the happier things like family, friends and love."
For girl's problems, I know that they mainly consist of boys and..... boys. They always seem to be on our minds weather it is a good thing or a bad thing and however much girls always say, "I hate boys" or "boys sucks", girls don't actually believe that, otherwise we wouldn't always keep liking them.  We just can't admit that we don't understand the way they think. Girls always say that "we don't need boys, we can live without them". I never want to admit it but we do, they are always going to be there and they do support you and try to be what we want them to be, we just don't appreciate it.
I find that days without problems can't go better! You go around school with a smile on your face with nothing that can bring you down. You talk to the most amazing friends, which just make you laugh and realize how lucky you are.  Whenever I am feeling down I always remember this saying,
"Smile, even when you don't feel like it, as you never know who is falling in love with your smile."
Friends have always and always will be important in life, you can never get very far without them, but it's who you chose to be your friends.  You have to figure out which ones will be there for you through the darkness.

Read more: http://www.articlesbase.com/publishing-articles/teenage-life-3325133.html#ixzz1HJKBcBYX
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